Depth of Field
For many people until you see a photograph you do not realize just how much your eyes do for you. They help us see correct color and they do their best to keep everything you look at in focus.
When you view a picture there is no chance for our eyes to "fix" anything and you see what is and is not sharp. The final photograph can be very different from how it looked to you as you took the picture.
Whenever you take a photo there is an area of the print that is in focus and an area that is out of focus. Sometimes the area in focus will extend to infinity and start somewhere that is not in the photo. This area of sharpness is called the depth-of-field, and it extends in front of and behind the point that you focused on. The area of focus is determined by these factors
- The f-stop
- The focal length of the lens. Focal Length Defined - Pop-up definition
- The distance you are from the subject.
Changing anyone of these elements allows you almost complete control over the depth-of-field in a picture.
When most of the picture is sharp you can say that the depth-of-field is large. When only one part is sharp, we say the depth-of-field is narrow. The one you want is based upon the desired effect of the photo.
The three factors which affect depth of field.
1 The aperture.
Simply put - the smaller the aperture, the greater the depth-of-field. Note that a higher f-stop or aperature value denotes a smaller aperture.
To keep as much area as possible sharp, you should set as small an aperture as possible. Keep in mind that the larger the f-stop number smaller the aperture and the greater the area in focus. Note: If you are using a point and shoot camera this is the effect that the Landscape mode will create.Depending on lighting conditions and ISO setting, you may need to use a tripod or support because the smaller aperture because it means a slower shutter speed.
If you are shooting a flower or a portrait you may want less area in focus. In this case a larger aperture will work. Note: If you are using a point and shoot camera this is the effect that the Macro or Portrait mode will create.
2 The focal length of the lens.
The wider the angles of the lens the greater the area in focus. On the flip side of the equation the longer the lens the more narrow the area of focus. For portraits a general rule of thumb is to chose a telephoto that is twice the length of the normal lens.
3 The Camera-to-Subject Distance
The closer you get to the subject the more limited the depth becomes. In fact, when shooting close-up subjects the depth of field can be measured in it can extend to just a few millimeters in front of and behind the subject.
So that's the theory, but what does it all mean in practical picture-taking terms?
This picture of the old nail is another example of depth of field. The first shot was taken with a wide open f-stop, or portrait mode for the point and shoot people.
Notice that the nail is in focus as is the wood near it. As soon as you look past the nail you see that the rest of the barn. The effect is to isolate the nail and draw attention to it by removing the background.
Compare the first image to the second image below. With the greater depth of field the barn siding distracts from the nail.
Depth of Field Summary
- Smaller apertures mean greater depth of field. How do you get a smaller aperture? Increase ISO or slow down the shutter speed. What are the tradeoffs? Increased ISO increases noise in your print. Slower shutter speeds increase the risk of blurred images.
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The more distance from the subject the more depth of field.
- Wide angle lens have more depth of field. What is the drawback of wide angle glass? Greater risk of distortion.
Depth of Field Summary
- Smaller Aperture = Greater DOF
- More distance = Greater DOF
- Wide Angle Glass = Greater DOF
Putting Dept of Field into Practice
1 If your goal is to have everything in the photo sharp.
Subjects such as landscapes, groups, and interiors are usually
desirable sharper. Using a wide-angle lens set to a small aperture, (higher number) will give you more depth-of-field. Note: If you are using a point and shoot camera this is the effect that the Landscape mode will create.
In the above photo I considered the tombstones to be as important as the stones so both are in focus. If you are using a digital camera with modes you would use the landscape mode.
If you are using a SLR there is a technique worth mentioning called hyperfocal focusing. This
will allow you to give the impression of increased the depth-of-field.
As a rule-of-thumb, there's as much area in focus in front of the focus point as behind it. So if you photograph a distant subject such as a
landscape and focus on infinity you'll waste lots of depth-of-field. By
focusing a little closer, you'll extend the depth-of-field at the front
so it comes nearer to the camera, while still making sure that infinity
falls within the depth-of-field behind the actual point of focus.
You can guess the hyperfocal focusing distance, but life is much easier if your lens is marked with a depth-of-field scale. This used to be regarded as an essential feature, but with the development of wide-ranging zooms many manufacturers now omit one. If you do have such a scale, simply line up the infinity mark against the mark for the aperture you've set and, although the image in the viewfinder will look out-of-focus, the finished image will be sharp from front to back.
2 Main subject sharp with background completely out-of-focus.
If you are using a digital point and shoot camera you will want to put your camera on Macro or Portrait mode.
There are some subjects where you want the main subject to stand out
strongly from an out-of-focus background. Portraiture, where the
emphasis is on the person, rather than the location, is probably the
most popular area.
What you need here is a use a telephoto lens at its
widest aperture. It's also worth moving the subject as far away as
possible from the background - in cramped studio situations this is
often impossible but outside against a wall or foliage it's usually
easier. Take care, though, that you focus accurately, as the limited
depth-of-field will require accurate focusing.
Old masters would have the eyes in focus and the ears soft or out of focus.
Look at the flower photo. Would you know that the flower was in the middle of a driveway?
3 Main subject sharp, with background out-of-focus but still recognizable.
Sometimes
throwing the background completely out-of-focus is going too far. You
want to show the subject in its natural environment, but with the
background toned down to it doesn't compete for attention. A person on
the beach, for instance, an animal in the zoo, or a flower in a garden.
Here a standard to short telephoto lens, somewhere from 50mm to 135mm,
is ideal - especially if it's coupled with a middle range aperture of
around f/8.
This example of a dogs nose is an excellent example of these factors in play.
Notice how the dogs nose and ears are soft. This increases the impact of the photo by bringing the viewers eyes to the dogs eyes.
A simple way to do this is to use a telephoto. A wide angle lens would tend to destroy the dogs nose and make it appear larger.
Like with all photography techniques you need to experiment and learn your equipment.
Notice the image of the young lady in the field of flowers. See how the dept of field is narrow. This draws your attention to the model as opposed to letting it wander around the field of flowers. This is a common portrait technique.
Submitted by Art @ Artsphotogaphy.com a Kansas based photographer providing family portraits and event photography services.
Summary
Overall, the practical use of depth-of-field can be summed up as follows:
To maximize depth-of-field and have as much sharp as possible use a wide-angle lens, set a small aperture and stand back from your subject
To minimize depth-of-field with only a small zone of the scene sharp use a telephoto lens, set a large aperture, andget closer to your subject.
Assignment: Understanding Your Camera's Aperture Priority Mode
Part 1:
- Set your camera to aperture priority mode. For Canon users, this is the AV on the mode dial and on Nikon it is an A. If you don't see either then check your manual.
- Change F stop to the lowest number for your lens. That number will vary based upon your lens manufaturer.
- Set your ISO to 400. This has nothing to do with aperature except to make sure that your shutter speed will be fast enough.
- If you have a zoom lens go to your widest angle. Photograph an object where the background elements are some distance away from the object. You are doing this so that the area in focus will be more obvious.
- Take a photograph. As a side note observe your shutter speed.
- Change the aperture number to around F8 and take the shot again. As a side note observe your shutter speed again. You will see that it has gone down.
- Change the aperature to the highest number you can and re-shoot. Again note the shutter speed.
- Download look at the photographs on your computer. You will notice that the lower the aperature value of F-stop, the more blurred the background. The higher the aperature value of F-stop,number, the more of the background that is in focus.
Part 2:
- At the start of this lesson I asked you to use the widest zoom value. Now I'd like you to repeat this lesson with a zoom at the other end of your zoom range. The key to making this one work is to keep your framing, of viewfinder view, as identical as possible.
- If you compare the two sets of images side by side you will see that on the wider angle setting the area that was in focus will be greater that the zoomed in portion and that the objects in the zoomed in portion